[root@AvidLearn ~]# ls

anaconda-ks.cfg  directory1  directory2  directory3  Directory3  file120M  file140M  text  text1.txt  text.txt

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ls -a

.   anaconda-ks.cfg  .bash_logout   .bashrc  .cshrc      directory2  Directory3  file140M  text       text.txt

..  .bash_history    .bash_profile  .config  directory1  directory3  file120M    .tcshrc   text1.txt

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ls -l

total 61452

-rw-------. 1 root root     1314 Feb 23 07:38 anaconda-ks.cfg

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       55 Feb 26 07:49 directory1

drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root       73 Feb 26 07:49 directory2

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       22 Feb 26 07:49 directory3

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20971520 Feb 26 07:48 file120M

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 41943040 Feb 26 07:49 file140M

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root      369 Mar 14 14:30 text1.txt

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       41 Mar 14 14:30 text.txt

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ll

total 61452

-rw-------. 1 root root     1314 Feb 23 07:38 anaconda-ks.cfg

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       55 Feb 26 07:49 directory1

drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root       73 Feb 26 07:49 directory2

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root       22 Feb 26 07:49 directory3

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20971520 Feb 26 07:48 file120M

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 41943040 Feb 26 07:49 file140M

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root      369 Mar 14 14:30 text1.txt

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       41 Mar 14 14:30 text.txt

[root@AvidLearn ~]# cd /Data/Directory1/

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]#

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# pwd

/Data/Directory1

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# mkdir DR1 DR2

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

DR1  DR2

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# touch file1

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

DR1  DR2  file1

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# rm file1

rm: remove regular empty file 'file1'? y

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# rm DR1

rm: cannot remove 'DR1': Is a directory

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# rm -r DR1

rm: remove directory 'DR1'? y

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# rm -rf DR2

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]#

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

test  test1  test2

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# cp test test3

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

test  test1  test2  test3

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# mv test3 test4

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

test  test1  test2  test4

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# mv /home/testdir/ .

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

test  test1  test2  test4  testdir

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# cp test ..

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

test  test1  test2  test4  testdir

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls ..

Directory1  OldFile  test

[root@AvidLearn ~]# rsync -avrP /Data/Directory1 /home/

sending incremental file list

Directory1/

Directory1/test

              0 100%    0.00kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1, to-chk=4/6)

Directory1/test1

              0 100%    0.00kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#2, to-chk=3/6)

Directory1/test2

              0 100%    0.00kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#3, to-chk=2/6)

Directory1/test4

              0 100%    0.00kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#4, to-chk=1/6)

Directory1/testdir/

​

sent 331 bytes  received 104 bytes  870.00 bytes/sec

total size is 0  speedup is 0.00

[root@AvidLearn ~]# w

 14:31:42 up 1 day, 20:24,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00

USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT

root     pts/0    172.16.40.102    Sat18    5.00s  0.16s  0.00s w

[root@AvidLearn ~]# df -h

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs        890M     0  890M   0% /dev

tmpfs           908M     0  908M   0% /dev/shm

tmpfs           908M  8.5M  899M   1% /run

tmpfs           908M     0  908M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda4       7.5G  2.2G  5.4G  29% /

/dev/sda2      1014M  172M  843M  17% /boot

/dev/sdb        4.9G   20M  4.6G   1% /Data

/dev/sda1       599M  5.8M  594M   1% /boot/efi

tmpfs           182M     0  182M   0% /run/user/0

[root@AvidLearn ~]# df -hT

Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs       devtmpfs  890M     0  890M   0% /dev

tmpfs          tmpfs     908M     0  908M   0% /dev/shm

tmpfs          tmpfs     908M  8.5M  899M   1% /run

tmpfs          tmpfs     908M     0  908M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda4      xfs       7.5G  2.2G  5.4G  29% /

/dev/sda2      xfs      1014M  172M  843M  17% /boot

/dev/sdb       ext4      4.9G   20M  4.6G   1% /Data

/dev/sda1      vfat      599M  5.8M  594M   1% /boot/efi

tmpfs          tmpfs     182M     0  182M   0% /run/user/0

[root@AvidLearn ~]# lsblk

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda      8:0    0   10G  0 disk

├─sda1   8:1    0  600M  0 part /boot/efi

├─sda2   8:2    0    1G  0 part /boot

├─sda3   8:3    0  964M  0 part [SWAP]

└─sda4   8:4    0  7.5G  0 part /

sdb      8:16   0    5G  0 disk /Data

[root@AvidLearn ~]# vi text

[root@AvidLearn ~]# cat text

Salaam

www.cloudavid.com

[root@AvidLearn ~]# du -sh

261M    .

[root@AvidLearn ~]# du -sh *

4.0K    anaconda-ks.cfg

60M     directory1

120M    directory2

20M     directory3

20M     file120M

40M     file140M

4.0K    text1.txt

4.0K    text.txt

[root@AvidLearn ~]# cat Test.txt

Line1

Line2

…

Line24

Line25

​

[root@AvidLearn ~]# head Test.txt

Line1

Line2

Line3

Line4

Line5

Line6

Line7

Line8

Line9

Line10

[root@AvidLearn ~]# head -n 4 Test.txt

Line1

Line2

Line3

Line4

[root@AvidLearn ~]# tail Test.txt

Line16

Line17

Line18

Line19

Line20

Line21

Line22

Line23

Line24

Line25

[root@AvidLearn ~]# tail -n 4 Test.txt

Line22

Line23

Line24

Line25

[root@AvidLearn ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages

Mar 14 11:12:33 AvidLearn dnf[2233]: Metadata cache refreshed recently.

Mar 14 11:12:33 AvidLearn systemd[1]: dnf-makecache.service: Succeeded.

Mar 14 11:12:33 AvidLearn systemd[1]: Started dnf makecache.

Mar 14 13:10:33 AvidLearn systemd[1]: Starting dnf makecache...

Mar 14 13:10:37 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream                       1.1 kB/s | 4.8 kB     00:04

Mar 14 13:10:41 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Rocky Linux 8 - BaseOS                          1.2 kB/s | 4.3 kB     00:03

Mar 14 13:10:42 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Rocky Linux 8 - Extras                          2.8 kB/s | 3.5 kB     00:01

Mar 14 13:10:43 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Metadata cache created.

Mar 14 13:10:43 AvidLearn systemd[1]: dnf-makecache.service: Succeeded.

Mar 14 13:10:43 AvidLearn systemd[1]: Started dnf makecache.

^C

[root@AvidLearn ~]# journalctl -f

-- Logs begin at Sat 2022-03-12 18:06:51 +0330. --

Mar 14 13:10:33 AvidLearn systemd[1]: Starting dnf makecache...

Mar 14 13:10:37 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream                       1.1 kB/s | 4.8 kB     00:04

Mar 14 13:10:41 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Rocky Linux 8 - BaseOS                          1.2 kB/s | 4.3 kB     00:03

Mar 14 13:10:42 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Rocky Linux 8 - Extras                          2.8 kB/s | 3.5 kB     00:01

Mar 14 13:10:43 AvidLearn dnf[2266]: Metadata cache created.

Mar 14 13:10:43 AvidLearn systemd[1]: dnf-makecache.service: Succeeded.

Mar 14 13:10:43 AvidLearn systemd[1]: Started dnf makecache.

Mar 14 14:01:01 AvidLearn CROND[2282]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)

Mar 14 14:01:01 AvidLearn run-parts[2285]: (/etc/cron.hourly) starting 0anacron

Mar 14 14:01:01 AvidLearn run-parts[2291]: (/etc/cron.hourly) finished 0anacron

^C

[root@AvidLearn ~]#  date

Mon Mar 14 14:41:23 +0330 2022

[root@AvidLearn ~]#

[root@AvidLearn ~]# timedatectl

               Local time: Mon 2022-03-14 14:41:33 +0330

           Universal time: Mon 2022-03-14 11:11:33 UTC

                 RTC time: Mon 2022-03-14 11:11:33

                Time zone: Asia/Tehran (+0330, +0330)

System clock synchronized: yes

              NTP service: active

          RTC in local TZ: no

[root@AvidLearn ~]# hostname

Avid-Learn

[root@AvidLearn ~]# hostnamectl

   Static hostname: AvidLearn

         Icon name: computer-vm

           Chassis: vm

        Machine ID: 934b9cb3bb8a4b5eae29209712591d61

           Boot ID: d0cb7706f0684f4693e6697f40cdb321

    Virtualization: microsoft

  Operating System: Linux 

       CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:Linux:Linux:7.0:GA

            Kernel: Linux 1.0.0

      Architecture: x86-64

[root@AvidLearn ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname NewHostName

[root@AvidLearn ~]# hostname

NewHostName

[root@AvidLearn ~]# whereis hostnamectl

hostnamectl: /usr/bin/hostnamectl /usr/share/man/man1/hostnamectl.1.gz

[root@AvidLearn ~]# grep root /etc/passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ls | grep di

directory1

directory2

Directory3

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ls | grep -i di

directory1

directory2

directory3

Directory3

[root@AvidLearn ~]# uname -a

Linux AvidLearn 3.0.6.78.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jun 17 07:52:48 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

[root@AvidLearn ~]# history

    1  pvs

    2  pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd

    3  pv

    4  pvs

...

[root@AvidLearn ~]# history | grep -i df

   43  df -h

   44  dd if=/dev/zero of=/NewDataStore/ddFile bs=2M count=1000

   45  df -h

   50  df -h

…

[root@AvidLearn ~]# adduser testuser

[root@AvidLearn ~]# passwd testuser

Changing password for user testuser.

New password:

Retype new password:

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

[root@AvidLearn ~]# su testuser

[testuser@Avid-Learn root]$

[testuser@Avid-Learn root]$ exit

exit

[root@AvidLearn ~]#

[root@AvidLearn ~]# userdel testuser

[root@AvidLearn ~]# userdel -r testuser

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ip -4 a

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000

    inet 100.10.10.10/2 scope host lo

       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: ens5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000

    inet 100.10.10.10/21 brd 100.10.10.10 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens5

       valid_lft 2402790sec preferred_lft 2402790sec

[root@AvidLearn ~]#ip addr add 10.10.10.2/24 dev ens5

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ping iran.ir

PING iran.ir (195.146.59.198) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from iran.ir (195.146.59.198): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=27.4 ms

64 bytes from iran.ir (195.146.59.198): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=26.1 ms

64 bytes from iran.ir (195.146.59.198): icmp_seq=3 ttl=54 time=29.9 ms

^C

--- iran.ir ping statistics ---

3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2626ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 26.121/27.808/29.857/1.552 ms

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ping -O  100.10.10.10

PING 100.10.10.10(100.10.10.10) 56(84) bytes of data.

no answer yet for icmp_seq=1

no answer yet for icmp_seq=2

no answer yet for icmp_seq=3

^C

--- 100.10.10.10 ping statistics ---

4 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 3101ms

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ping -c 2 iran.ir

PING iran.ir (195.146.59.198) 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from iran.ir (195.146.59.198): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=26.6 ms

64 bytes from iran.ir (195.146.59.198): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=73.9 ms

​

--- iran.ir ping statistics ---

2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 26.555/50.222/73.890/23.668 ms

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ethtool ens5

Settings for ens5:

        Supported ports: [ TP ]

        Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full

                                100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full

                                1000baseT/Full

        Supported pause frame use: No

        Supports auto-negotiation: Yes

        Supported FEC modes: Not reported

        Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full

                                100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full

                                1000baseT/Full

        Advertised pause frame use: No

        Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes

        Advertised FEC modes: Not reported

        Speed: 1000Mb/s

        Duplex: Full

        Auto-negotiation: on

        Port: Twisted Pair

        PHYAD: 0

        Transceiver: internal

        MDI-X: off (auto)

        Supports Wake-on: umbg

        Wake-on: d

        Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)

                               drv probe link

        Link detected: yes

root@AvidLearn ~]# netstat -ntlp

Active Internet connections (only servers)

Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:21              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      100/sshd

tcp6       0      0 :::21                   :::*                    LISTEN      100/sshd

[root@AvidLearn ~]# netstat -ntlup

Active Internet connections (only servers)

Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:21              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      100/sshd

tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      100/sshd

udp        0      0 100.10.10.10:24            0.0.0.0:*                           100/chronyd

udp6       0      0 ::1:100                 :::*                                100/chronyd

[root@AvidLearn ~]# netstat -natp

Active Internet connections (servers and established)

Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:21              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      100/sshd

tcp        0      0 100.10.10.10:24       100.10.10.10:24       ESTABLISHED 1000/sshd: root [pr

tcp        0      0 100.10.10.10:24         100.10.10.10:24       ESTABLISHED 1000/sshd: root [pr

tcp        0     48 100.10.10.10:24         100.10.10.10:24      ESTABLISHED 1000/sshd: root [pr

tcp        0      0 100.10.10.10:24         100.10.10.10:24       ESTABLISHED 1000/sshd: root [pr

tcp6       0      0 :::21                   :::*                    LISTEN      100/sshd

free

[root@AvidLearn ~]# free -g

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:            125         119           2           0           4           5

Swap:            29           7          21

[root@AvidLearn ~]# find /Data -name test

/Data/Directory1/test

[root@AvidLearn ~]# find /Data -name test*

/Data/Directory1/test

/Data/Directory1/test2

/Data/Directory1/test1

[root@AvidLearn ~]# find /Data/ | grep -i test

/Data/Directory1/test

/Data/Directory1/test2

/Data/Directory1/test1

[root@AvidLearn ~]# top -c

top - 14:05:33 up 2 days, 19:58,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00

Tasks: 118 total,   1 running, 117 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie

%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.2 si,  0.0 st

MiB Mem :   1814.4 total,   1202.0 free,    174.3 used,    438.0 buff/cache

MiB Swap:    964.0 total,    964.0 free,      0.0 used.   1483.8 avail Mem

​

    PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND

      1 root      20   0  186172  14092   9108 S   0.0   0.8   0:03.70 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 17

      2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S   0.0   0.0   0:00.03 [kthreadd]

      3 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 [rcu_gp]

      4 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 [rcu_par_gp]

      6 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri]

      9 root       0 -20       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 [mm_percpu_wq]

[root@AvidLearn ~]# lsof /Data/

[root@AvidLearn ~]#

[testuser@Avid-Learn Data]$ rm test

rm: remove write-protected regular empty file 'test'? y

rm: cannot remove 'test': Permission denied

[testuser@Avid-Learn Data]$ sudo rm test

[sudo] password for testuser:

[testuser@Avid-Learn Data]$ ls

Directory1  OldFile

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

test  test1  test2  test4  testdir

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# tar -cvf file.tar test1 test2

test1

test2

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# ls

file.tar  test  test1  test2  test4  testdir

[root@AvidLearn Directory1]# rm test1 test2

rm: remove regular empty file 'test1'? y

rm: remove regular empty file 'test2'? Y

[root@AvidLearn Test]# ll

total 0

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Mar 15 10:10 script

[root@AvidLearn Test]# chmod +x script

[root@AvidLearn Test]# ll

total 0

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Mar 15 10:10 script

[root@AvidLearn Test]# ls

file

[root@AvidLearn Test]# ll

total 0

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Mar 15 10:12 file

[root@AvidLearn Test]# chown testuser file

[root@AvidLearn Test]# ll

total 0

-rw-r--r--. 1 testuser root 0 Mar 15 10:12 file

[root@AvidLearn ~]# sleep 1002 &

[1] 6516

[root@AvidLearn ~]# sleep 1003 &

[2] 6518

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ps fax | grep sleep

   6516 pts/1    S      0:00  |           \_ sleep 1002

   6518 pts/1    S      0:00  |           \_ sleep 1003

   6522 pts/1    S+     0:00  |           \_ grep --color=auto sleep

[root@AvidLearn ~]# pgrep sleep

6516

6518

[root@AvidLearn ~]# pgrep -a sleep

6516 sleep 1002

6518 sleep 1003

[root@AvidLearn ~]# kill 3523

[root@AvidLearn ~]# ps fax | grep sleep

   3529 pts/0    S+     0:00  |           \_ grep --color=auto sleep

[root@AvidLearn home]# wget https://download-ib01.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/8/Everything/x86_64/Packages/n/nmon-16m-1.el8.x86_64.rpm

--2022-03-15 10:23:54--  https://download-ib01.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/8/Everything/x86_64/Packages/n/nmon-16m-1.el8.x86_64.rpm

Resolving download-ib01.fedoraproject.org (download-ib01.fedoraproject.org)... 152.19.134.145, 2600:2701:4000:5211:dead:beef:fe:fed6

Connecting to download-ib01.fedoraproject.org (download-ib01.fedoraproject.org)|152.19.134.145|:443... connected.

HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK

Length: 80728 (79K) [application/x-rpm]

Saving to: ‘nmon-16m-1.el8.x86_64.rpm’

​

nmon-16m-1.el8.x86_64.rpm                   100%[===========================================================================================>]  78.84K  74.3KB/s    in 1.1s

​

2022-03-15 10:23:57 (74.3 KB/s) - ‘nmon-16m-1.el8.x86_64.rpm’ saved [80728/80728]

​

[root@AvidLearn home]# ls

nmon-16m-1.el8.x86_64.rpm

[root@AvidLearn home]# man wget

[root@AvidLearn home]# echo "Salaaam AVID" >> file

[root@AvidLearn home]# cat file

Salaaam AVID

[root@AvidLearn home]#

[root@AvidLearn ~]# echo USER

USER

[root@AvidLearn ~]# echo $USER

root

[root@AvidLearn ~]# clear

[root@AvidLearn ~]# type ll

ll is aliased to `ls -l --color=auto'

[root@AvidLearn ~]#

[root@AvidLearn ~]# type cd

cd is a shell builtin

[root@AvidLearn ~]# type if

if is a shell keyword

[root@AvidLearn ~]#

(reverse-i-search)`find': find /Data/ | grep -i test

[root@AvidLearn ~]# sleep 10 ; echo "Salaaam" 

Salaaam

[root@AvidLearn ~]# sleep 10 &&  echo "Salaaam" 

Salaaam

[root@AvidLearn ~]# cat /etc/passwd | grep root

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

[root@AvidLearn ~]# nohup sleep 1000 &

[3] 6524

[root@AvidLearn ~]# nohup: ignoring input and appending output to 'nohup.out'